December 20th

Although we didn't get through everything we expected we would in this lesson, we are happy with our progress. Today, we continued placing the clips into the timeline. This took longer than desired due to the clips having to be cut to the chosen length before we were allowed to place them onto the timeline. Aswell as this we continued to develop the editing, making sure the colour and sound levels were appropriate for each of the clips.

December 18th

Due to the unsuccesful lesson previous (lack of time), we decided not to waste any time today and overcome our previous issues. we thought they may work on the microsoft computers at school, as we had previously plugged the camera into a microsoft computer at home. We plugged the camera into one of the computers in the library successfully and managed to transfer the video clips onto a memory stick. We were finally able to upload the videos onto the mac and import the video clips into Final Cut Express without any problems. We were concerned as to whether the quality of the videos would lessen, but we were thankfully proved wrong .We were tight on time and just about managed to get the videos into the timeline (not in order) which we will carry on with next time.

December 16th

Todays lesson was very problematic and which we hope to correct when we next get a chance. We started by uploading the videos filmed on 14th December which were filmed on the different camera, due to the difficulties we were facing due to the lack of memroy space, low battery and the fact that we were running out of time. The videos initually worked impeccably. For some reason Final cut Express would not recognise the format of the clips, denying us access to inport the clips. The technician was unavailable so we have decided to leave it until we can see what he thinks is the best solution.

December 15th

In todays lesson we uploaded all of our re-shot videos. We ended up having to shoot some of the various scenes on a different camera, due to some complications of memory space. Although we had to upload both sets of footage from seperate cameras, import them into Final cut Express, place and cut them to preffered size and length onto the timeline, it didnt take as long as last time as the camera was fully functional with the Macs and the editing programme. When we started editing we changed the brightness and colour of the clips due to the fact that some of the scenes filmed on the flip camera were far too dark. By altering the settings we made these scenes fit in well, keeping the continuety intact.

December 14th

Today was the schedueled day in whcih we decided to re-shoot various scenes of our film opening to improve the overall project. The scnenes that we have decided to re-shoot are:

• The living room scene


• The Bedroom scene


• The House Arrival scenes

There are some silly mistakes and continuety errors which we spotted after filming which we plan to correct so the film works as a whole:

When originally shot them, the Living Room scenes were filmed at mid day, creating alot of problems with the lighting and brightness as the scene is supposed to be at night time. We therefore met up at a much later and more reasonable hour this time. Intitually, we filmed the kitchen scene at Emma's house so therefore decided to re shoot the living room scene at her house too as it helped maintain the continuety as our main character travels from the kitchen to the livingroom. Whilst filming the livingroom scene we thought we might aswell re-film the staircase scene while we had the chance. Alike the livingroom scene the previous shots were far too bright than suitable. We used a low angle shot by shortening the tripod and tilting it to look in an upwards direction. This gave an eerie element, as if our character was being watched from below, as if he is, not knowing it, walking up to his doom and there is nothing he can do about it.
We only came across a few minor issues icluding christmas decorations in the shot, aswell as the camera which we borrowed from school running out of battery. We overcame these by taking down decorations and making sure there were no elements of decoration in the shot, i.e. christams tree, cards etc. We had no choice but to wait for the camera to charge, which was a slow process and messed up our scheduel slightly but was an obsticle that we could not do anything about.

We all came to the decission that it would be best if we refilmed the bedroom scenes as again, they was far too much light coming through the windows. These scenes were filmed at callums house at a later hour of night. The first few shots we did were of our main character walking down the corridor and into my bedroom. We wanted hardly any light to get in the shot to add to the dark, dreary atmosphere of the scenes, however this proved worse for the quality as it made the scene almost pitch black and impossible to know what was happening. We agreed that maybe a small source of light, i.e. a desk lamp would allow the scene to be clear and visible, but not too bright to take away from the atmosphere of the scene. The lamped improved the levels of light in the scene, but made the filming difficult as we desperately tried to avoid getting the lamp in the frame. We then tried to add a more effective camera shot after our main character awakes from a nightmare. We placed the tripod at the end of the bed, looking through the railings, which gives a sense of someone watching our victim and he sleeps innocently. Everytime callum sat up, the arch of the bed railings got in the way of his facial reaction or gut his head out of the frame completely, so we solved this by simply re-adjusting the length and position of the tripod in which the camera was placed.

When we previously filmed our main character arriving back to his house we came across alot of continuety errors which were easily fixable if filmed again. Before callum entered the door the lights inside were already on and shining through the door, but when he opens the door and walks in side the lights are turned off. We also did a shot of callum walking through the front door and putting his bag down on the floor, which again was necessary for a steady flow of continuety. We also felt that this would add to the continuity of our film. . These types of scene were easy to refilm so the whole shot could link to the next one with continuety. We felt we had not taken full advantage of filming techniques as our film was pretty simple and had no interesting camera angles so we attempted to include some more when we were re-filming these scenes including, tilt, extreme close up, over the shoulder and low angle shots.

December 9th

In todays lesson we focussed solely on the editing of our film. We played about with various effects. On some of the clips we shot ( the bedroom scenes), the lighting was quite bad and wasn't very clear due to the lack of light source. We liked the dark, spooky atmosphere, but the quality of the clip was quite poor. To improve this we changed the colour scheme to black and white. We also edited the bright levels of the clips. This gave a better quality and effect to the scenes. The bright levels made the scene clearer, whilst the black and white effect brought an artistic element to the piece, adding an interesting clasification of night. This occurred more than once and we had to repeatedly adjust the colouring of the clips. Editing the colouring of scenes was easy to do on Final Cut Express. It was only a subtle, simple change but very effective and it looked impressive on the final copy.

December 8th

It was a joint decission in our group that we should re-shoot various scenes of our horror film. We felt that we could improve some of our techniques when filming,i.e. using a high definition camera from school, aswell as borrowing a tripod to give a sturdier, more professional look to the way the opening is filmed. We feel these elements will all contribute to a better quality of filming. We therefore created an additional filming scheduel as shown below:

December 2nd

In todays lesson, we started to add the music to our video. Due to the fact that some of our music choses did not suit or match the video clips we had intended them for, This process took longer than we had Initially estimated. There were also over issues concernng th music, the main one being the volume. The screams and cries for help from the victim in the first scene were drowned out by the soundtrack, so we lowered the volume to make the diegetic dialogue clear for the ears.

November 28th

In todays lesson we decided to start cutting the sound clips so they would fit in with our video clips. This process was extremely challenging as getting the sound to synchronise precisely with the video footage was very awkward. To resolve this, we resolved this issue by starting over again, which allowed us to cut the video clips and sound clips concurrently.
Although we found the process of restarting quite frustrating, it did not take as long as we thought due to the fact that we had only recently done it so we could remember how most of it was arranged.
We reflected the thought of dubbing over the film but agreed it would prove a difficult, long process and felt that dubbed sound would not have the same effect.
We agreed that the sound would not be essential as our film opening does not include an excess amount of dialogue, However we felt the lack of diegetic sound would reduct the value and quality of the film.
I felt this lesson was productive in the development of our film opening and hope next lesson that we will complete the sound/music aspect of the project.

November 25th

In todays lesson, we were planning on having an hour of looking back on our work and progress so far on the course. Whilst viewing our film to date, we came across a major problem which needed solving urgently. When the film played, the clips worked fine, however none of the clips had accompanying sound. To solve this problem we dragged the clips onto the timeline again. We thought this may cause the sound to connect with the clips, however, this was uneffective. After this failed attempt, we looked for advice from our fellow classmates who were, alike us, also editing on Final Cut Express, hoping they would be able to figure out a solution. We found out that after dragging their files onto the timeline, the sound clips were already attatched to it, which was not the case in our situation. Our final resort was to pass our queries onto the computer technician, who managed to discover the cause of the problem, (the problem being that the camera we used did not have an adequate voice recorder that was compatible on the Final cut Express software. He managed to rip the sound from the video clips. This allowed us to import them into the programme as ditatched files. This was quite a problematic experience, however it taught us how to overcome this problem in the future.

November 24th

In our lesson today we managed to file all of the clips into a correct order.Before we started to edit our film, we first started to search for suitable music to feature in our horror opening. Our first obvious option to find music was on the iTunes store which was available on the school Macs. Whilst searching for music/sounds we had the aim to find a certain type of music, i.e fast paced in places - adding tension, eerie and sinister. After a long search we felt these particular tracks were perfect for our opening:

Dark Mysterious Tone - 15 seconds
Dark Mysterious Tone 4 - 27 seconds
Door Slam - 8 seconds
Mysterious Sound - 3 seconds
Nightmare on Elm Street - 36 seconds

These sound clips vary from diegetic ( obvious sounds like door slam, which would be expected in the frame, aswell as non diegetic sounds, like background music)

The only problem we faced with the music was the high prices of the tracks. As most of the songs were 3 minutes long, we felt we would be wasting money when we would only need short, 30 second clips of sound. We came to the conclusion that instead of buying and downloading the music, we could record the previews on a phone and import them into Final cut Express. The short sound clips could be repeated and re-used at significant parts of the opening, which helps create a sense of repetiton and continuety.

November 22nd

We did not manage to fulfill our target set last lesson (finish ordering clips and start to add effects and transactions). However, we did manage to cut all the clips to the correct length and started to create a sense of order on the timeline. We propbably could have finished putting the clips in order, however we hadnt considered the fact that each clip had to be rendered after cutting, therefore it took longer then we expected. We feel we will definately have all of our clips in the correct order by the end of next lesson.

November 21st

In todays lesson we imported our clips into Final Cut Express nd start cutting and selecting the relevant clips to use. We thought this would be easy as we had already done this on Windows Movie Maker previously, but we were proved wrong. The camera we used to film our movie recorded all the clips together as one long piece, which meant we had to manually had to troll through the whole film, cutting it apart, creating seperate scenes. I found the process very difficult and almost infuriating due to the fact that we had done various takes of the same scenes. This added to the confusion, making the process take twice as long as it should have if we had used a normal school camera. If we were to re-do this we would have deleted all the scenes that were useless as soon as we filmed them, instead of having to sort them out on the editing programme. Next lesson we plan to get all our clips into a chronological order once again. Once our clips have a sense of order we can then move on, adding in transitions and effects which will improve the overall quality of our opening.

November 10th

In todays lesson, the class was given an introduction to the editing software available on the Apple Mac computers at school called 'Final cut Express'. After being shown the proper use of the programme, aswell as important key features which would be useful when editing our film, for e.g. how to import, cut and move around clips on the timeline, aswell as adding text ( which would be helpful when adding credits to the opening).
Our group came to the conclusion today that by using the Final cut Express programme, our final film opening we have to produce will be higher quality and will be a huge improvement compared to using Windows Movie maker, as this new software is more flexible and will allow us to develop our film further. Although this meant we had to delete our previous efforts on Windows Movie Maker , import the clips into Final Cut Express and start again completely from scratch it will all pay off in the end when our final film opening is of higher quality and generally improved.

November 4th

In our previous lesson we chose Windows Movie maker as the software we would use as all of our group members were familiar with it as an editing programme and felt its simple, easy to opperate style would contribute to a good quality opening.
Yesterdays lesson was very productive, allowing us to select certain clips/sections that we thought were visually effective and that we felt should be included in our final cut. This allowed us to start cutting these chosen clips down to a more suitable length. The only main proplem we came across today was the timeline situation. cutting the clips proved difficult and inaccurate as the timeline was too small, causing our clips to be cut in the wrong places and an incorrect length. We overcame this problem quite quickly though, and cutting the clips to an appropriate size was alot easier, after realising the programme allowed you to zoom in on sections of the timeline.

November 3rd

In our lesson today we were ready to upload our footage onto the schools computer. after importing our clips into Windows Movie Maker, we to started to pick and choose which of the following clips we were going to include and cut from our final product. We then took the selected clips and layed them out in a rough chronological order on the timeline which gave our opening a sense of continuety. Today our opening started to come together infront of our eyes and i am very pleased with its progress.

November 1st

In the half term break, i met up with my group and shot most of the film opening. This gave us a head start so we had plenty of time to edit our opening when we got back to school on the Macs. however, we came across a few problems whilst editing our clips due to the fact that the Mac software did not recognise the camera on which we filmed our opening. We worked together as a team and put our filmed clips onto a hard drive and connected it to the school computer to solve this problem we were faced with. If we were given the chance to re-do our film again, we would use one of the schools cameras as they connect easily with the school computers which would save time and effort.

Horror Film Opening Script

Here is our opening script for our horror film:

(Callum slowly awakens, looking confused)

24 hours earlier


Mark: Rose?

Rose: Yeah? (Looks optimistic)

Mark: I’m just going home now. Don’t forget to lock up (bluntly)

(Zoom in on Rose’s disappointed/angry face)Rose: Can I ask you something, Mark? (Looks hopeful)

Mark: fine. Just make it quick. (Slightly annoyed)

Rose: oh. Don’t worry then, you’ve clearly got something better to do. (Aggressive)

Mark: (shrugs it off and leaves)

(Mark starts walking home, through the woods)

(Hears bushes rustling and turns around to look. He can’t see anything)

(Mark gets home and checks he is not being followed)

(Mark sees blood on drive and realises it is a dead pigeon. He looks disgusted and walks around it)

(Mark goes into the house, locks the door and looks relieved. He goes into the kitchen to make a cup of tea)

(Mark goes into the living room and turns on the TV)

(Murders are shown on each of the channels on the. Mark looks uneasy)

(Turns the TV off and drinks his tea. Looking relaxed)

(The TV gets turned on again, without Mark pressing the remote)

(Mark goes upstairs and gets into bed)

(Mark falls asleep. He is woken up to the sound of heels. Mark opens his eyes in shock)

(Hand covers Mark’s face.)(Cut to the credits)(Rose opens the door)

Mark: Rose..?

Shooting Schedule

Our Films concept in 25 words!

Concept ( 25 words)

Our film tells the mysterious tale of an innocent victim, stalked and captured by a dangerous, obsessive stalker. Will he escape? only time will tell!

Horror Film Story Board

Our group made a brief storyboard for our horror film.

1. The opening will begin with a point of view shot of Callum, opening his eyes. This will be followed by a mid shot of Callum, making the audience aware of his predicament.

2. Next there will be a plain black screen with the text, ’24 hours earlier’. This is to tell the audience the setting is about to change. We have also decided to do this as we have taken inspiration from the horror film ‘Halloween’.

3. There will be a mid shot/2 shot to make it clear that they are the key characters in this scene. There will also be speech.

4. A pan shot will then be used to show the setting in more detail. It will then end on a mid shot of Cassie, while making sure her shoes are in focus.

5. While Callum is walking through the woods we will use a high angle shot to give a sense of vulnerability, increasing the suspense and tension.

6. Jump cut will be used to show Callum’s face when he hears rustling. This will make the audience feel on edge while bringing the pace of the opening up.

7. Next an establishing shot will be used to make it clear where this scene is taking place. This will also be followed by a mid shot of Callum, which will be from behind, to suggest something may be following him.

8. A point of view shot will follow some blood, increasing the tension as the audience will wonder whose blood it is. This will be followed of a dead bird.

9. Callum opens the door

10. Match on action shot will be used to create a sense of continuity and making it seem realistic.

11. A mid shot of Callum will be used while he makes a cup of tea.

12. A point of view shot will be used when Callum goes to sit down, in front of the TV. This will make the audience feel like they are living through Callum.

13. Close up of the TV will take up the whole screen with all of the channels showing some kind of death/murder, making it clear it is not coincidence.

14. This is followed by a close up of Callum’s face showing he is worried.

15. A point of view shot will be used to show Callum is turning off the TV.

16. A mid shot will be used to show Callum relaxing and drinking his tea.

17. The TV will take up the whole screen again as it turns itself on.

18. A low angle shot will be used while Callum goes up the stairs. This will be used to suggest that the audience are watching Callum walking up to his death.

19. A high angle shot will be used to show Callum lying in bed. Again this will show vulnerability.

20. Callum will hear shoes coming towards him and this will be followed by an extreme close up to show Callum’s emotions clearly to the audience.

21. Point of view shot will be used to shot a hand going to grab Callum. This makes the audience feel as though they are being grabbed too.

22. The screen will go black, keeping the audience guessing.

23. Credits

24. Just like before a blank screen will be shown with text however it will now say ’24 hours later.’

25. Another mid shot will be used to show Callum is trapped. Pan shots will also be used to show the setting in more detail. With close ups on specific details.

26. A close up of the door will be used to show that something is behind it.

27. An over the shoulder shot will be used to keep the audience guessing.

28. Close up of the killers shoes.

29. The opening ends with an extreme close up of Callum’s shocked face.

Target Audience Survey

Target Audience Survey

In our groups we created a questionnaire based on the horror/thriller film genre. Surveys and questionnaires are a good way of finding out conventions of your target audience by actually coming into contact with them and hearing what they have to say about it. This survey was really helpful and gave me a good insite into why the audience likes/dislikes horror. We can use the results on the survey to help market our horror film directly to them. I have asked 4 different people and given their responses for each question:

1. Do you like horror films?
Callum: Yes
Charlie: No
Lauren: Yes
Emma: Yes.

2. If yes, what do you like about them?
Callum: The fear and tension of not knowing what is going to happen
Charlie: no answer.
Lauren: I like the parts that come out of the blue and make you jump
Emma: I like the build up and tension

3. What do you least like about horror films?
Callum: I dont like the use of fake blood and gore, its disgusting
Charlie: The acting skills are not very good
Lauren: I think most of them are very far fetched and unrealistic
Emma: I dont like it when the story is predictable

4. What was the last horror film you saw and how did you find it?

Callum: Scream - It wasnt very scary, however the twists in the story kept my interest and i was glued to the
Charlie: Prom Night- I thought it was a typical american horror film. It had a very predictable narrative and the killer was known from the beginning which took away the tension
Lauren: The Unborn - I thought it was very good. It was very pscychologically disturbing and gave me nightmares, which is what i class as a good horror film.
Emma: Woman in black: I thought i was very interesting. I liked the build up of tension which kept you on the edge of your seat

5. Where do you normally watch horror films?
Callum: At the cinema
Charlie: Online
Lauren: At Home
Emma: At home

6 Who do yu watch them with?
Callum: With friends
Charlie: on my own
Lauren: with friends
Emma: with friends

7. What is your favourite horror sub-genre?
Callum: Thriller.
Charlie: Gory
Lauren: Psychological
Emma: Psychological.

Horror film title Brainstorm

Here is a spider diagram, listing names which we thought may be suitable for our film. We tried to focus of key events and themes present in our film plan and came up with these ideas. 'The Shadow', 'The Figure' and 'stalked' are quite eerie, mysterious names which keep an air of mystery and create a sense of fear for the unknown which could work well for our film. We also considered the idea of a more, forward and simple approach, with names like corpse or tortured, clearly putting across that this is not for the faint hearted and a bloody, gory film suitable for the target audience. We decided to name our horror film 'Killer Heels'. We felt this was a clever play on words and irony used in the title may draw peoples attention. The use of Heels can be very powerful when enticing a male audience, attracting them to the provocative and sexual nature of the film, contrasting with the word killer, which suggests a twist in events and a dark, eerie nature to the film.

Horror Film Brainstorm

Here is a spider diagram that our group created together, concerning the narrative and themes which could be present in our horror film opening. We explored all elements which we may like to include in our opening, from the style of music used (dark, eerie, fast paced, loud, sinister, minor) to the locations which may be suitable (murderers workshop). This brainstorm helped as it gave us various ideas of key conventions which were a must have if we wanted to create an authentic horror film opening.

Target Audience for 'Killer Heels'

Target Audience for 'Killer Heels'

From researching the genre of horror, the primary target audience are males between the ages of 15-30. Therefore our horror film would be targeted at that same demographic. This figure has been proven to me after asking different people their favourite genre's of film, resulting with most of the males between this particular age range to vote for horror/thriller. I have also done some research via the internet, including reading the listing figures of horror films and their audiences, which lead me to the conclusion that the genre of horror is most appealing and aimed at males of this age range.

Our film centres on the main character, Mark, a succesfull young male in his twenties, who the main audience could hopefully relate to and feel a conncection with. Our bold choice to include a a pscychotic woman as a murderer, may not allow a female audience to connect as well with our character and representation of women.
A film always has a secondary target audience (people who are in the room whilst the film is on or a accompanying a member of the target audience) for our film would be couples ( male of 15 years + accompanied by other half) and gangs of friends ( older teenagers +) watching the film together. After questioning 10 people of the audience age range, 80% prefer to watch horror films with other people, as it gives them a sense of security and feel safer than if they were viewing it alone.

Lesson 2 on our Horror Movie Openings - 29th December

In the second lesson of discussion we continued to develop the plot of our film, adding extra details that may have been ignored last lesson.

We also looked more closely at our two leading characters and created them both a character profile, focussing on their names, appearance, personality trates, age, occupation, motive etc.
Here are our initial fact files:-
Name: Mark Johnson
Age: 23
Occupation: Accountant
Physical Appearance: Black suit and red tie
Personality: Confident on the outside, but paranoid on the inside
Relationship Status: Single

Name: Rosemary
Age: 27
Occupation: Accountant (Mark's Boss)
Physical Appearance: Smart office clothes (black skirt, red shirt, black heels, red lipstick)Personality: Mentally unstable/constantly on edgeRelationship Status: Single

We also looked closely at the job roles that each memberof the group would have to fullfil and allicated each member particular roles which match their own personal skills so our project would fully benefit from this and reachits full potential

As a group, we then started brainstorming possible titles for our movie. There were reasons behind our choice of titles, i.e. words like 'Tortured' or 'The Figure'were relevant to our story. We have not chosen one yet but we all feel as our ideas and plot evolves and grows, we will be able to pick the most suitable name.

Next lesson we plan to create a more detailed timeline and storyboard making sure we include suitable camera shots and to make sure we stick to the codes and conventions of the horror genre.

Lesson 1 on our Horror Movie Opening

In our first lesson, we got given our task of creating a horror movie opening. We got into groups of 3 and brainstormed ideas of the plot and main theme of our opening. After creating a brief plot we started to introduce characters and location.
Here is a brief first rough idea of our movie opening plot:-

• Mark (our main charcter), is shown in an offic environment and appears to be leaving for home in the late hours of the night. Mark's boss then wishes him a safe journey home.





• On marks long walkhome through the woods he hears rusteling in the bushes and feels as if he is being followed or watched.





• Mark walks home as fast as he can and is relieved when he arriveshome, although he feels that something is still wrong- maybe an unwanted prensence?





• Mark is then knocked out





• Mark comes to and realises that he is tied up to a chair in the villians workshop.





• A mysterious figure arrises from the dark and Mark then realises his capturer.

Editing in Movies

What does Editing do?
The narrative's order and story is brought together through editing. By editing something, you are linking clips together to make a whole continuous film.

How does it work?
Certain clips are cut to the appropriate length and our connected tightly together in a sequence. Once the basic sequence wokrs as one, effects, credits and most importantly a soundtrack can be added.

Cut:-
Is way of switching from one shot to the next. This is done very quickly, which creates an on going, continous atmosphere.

Dissolve:-
Is where one shot dissolves/fades out while another dissolves/fades in. Both shots are visible on the screen without cross-cutting

Fade:-
Is were a shot fades out completely to black. This initiates the end of a certain scene or section of a film. This particular form of editing gives the viewer or audience time to reflect on the scene which they have just witnessed.

Jump Cut:-
Is when different shots of the same thing are shown while the camera is less than 45 degrees.


How does the shot reverse shot help the narrative or generate meaning?
This particular shot technique is used to help keep up the narrative, by flicking between two characters, helping us understand the storyline.

Why is the 180 degree rule important?
The 180 degree rule is an extremely important way of filming, as it enables the audience to visually connect with unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject in a particular scene. If the line is crossed by the camera, this would alter the placement of the immediate subject and would confuse the viewer.

How and why is the point of view shot used?
A point of view shot is a scene which shows what a character/subject is looking at (represented through the camera). This shot is very effective as it lets members of the audience see events as they happen through the eye of the actor/subject in question, as if they are experiencing the events themselves. This helps the viewer empathise with the characterand feel a personal connection to them and their experiences.

How else can the P.O.V. shot be generated?
Point of view shots can be generated by using a handheld camera or a tracking shot. These techniques both can generate a point of view shot, however a handheld camera can create a shakey, more disorientating effect, whereas a tracking shot will give a smoother, clearer effect.

What is parallel or cross cut editing?
Cross-cutting is an editing technique used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action scene to another, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two action filled events.

What editing techniques are used to generate suspense?
Many different shots are used to create suspense. For e.g. a close up shot of a character or subject can clearly show the audience their emotion and feelings. Split screen shots can also be used, showing alot of things going on at once, often at a fast speed adding to tension and excitement felt by the viewer. In horror films, the handheld point of view shot can be used very effectively to create great suspense, allowing the audience to see the action through the characters eyes, and almost feel as if they are in the film themselves. The handheld effect can add a disorientating and shakey effect which in its self creates suspense.

Explain in your own words how the mouse sequence generates tension

Why is timing important in editing?
Timing is important in editing as it inforces a sense on continuity to the particular scene. All elements, i.e. camera shots, music and audio work smoothly together to make the scene flow and appear more realistic to the viewer.

Explain in your own words what the continuity system is
The continuity system is a technique used in cinematic film were a scene cuts straight to another, flowing smoothly as one, with no noticable cutting breaks.

Why does editing strive to be invisible?
If done well, editing strives to be invisible as to allow the film to look as realistic and smoot as possible to the audience, creating a desired outcome as a whole.

Indepth Analysis of 'Scream'

Twisted Pictures (Film Institution) Research

Twisted Pictures is an independant production company, who specialize in producing films of the Horror/Thriller genre- particularly famous for producing the Saw series. The company was founded in 2004 by Evolution Entertainment's Mark Burg, Oren Koules and Greg Hoffman.
The company was formed after the box office success of Saw in 2004, which lead to a nine-picture distribution deal with Lionsgate.The company went on to produce six sequels in the Saw film Series.
In June 2007, the company formed a joint venue with RKO Pictures to remake four films out of RKO library. The remakes include, Five Come Back (1939), I Walked with a Zombie (1943), The Body Snatcher (1945), and Bedlam (1946).In October 2009, Twisted Pictures landed a deal with the The Texas Chainsaw Massacre rights-holders Bob Kuhn and Kim Henkel after discussions with Platinum Dunes fell apart. The deal is for multiple films.
Films produced by Twisted Pictures include:-

• Saw II



• Saw III



• Catacombs



• Dead Silence
  


• Saw IV



• Vlog



• Saw V



• Repo! The Genetic Opera



• Tortured



• Saw VI



• Mother's Day



• Chain Letter



• Saw 3D

Halloween Analysis

Halloween is a 1978 American independent Horror film.
The film starts with opening credits with just a black background to orange text. The simple but effective black background indicates the dark and sinister nature of the films narrative. The orange colour could symbolize the holiday of Hallowe’en (pumpkin colour).The first information distributed is the film institution ‘compass international pictures’. A glowing Hallowe’en pumpkin lantern fades into the shot along with the main actor’s name. The eerie glow coming from the pumpkins sinister smile and eyes adds a spine chilling unease to the opening. The credits then reveal the directors name, followed by the film title. The film title then gradually fades from orange to red, indicating that events in the film may occur in which blood will be shed. The credits then introduce the producers name and each actor/actress indicating which characters they play throughout the film, film editors, music directors, producers, designers etc. As the credits are being shown, the camera slowly zooms into the pumpkin, gradually just showing the eye glowing in the darkness. This may symbolize the dark and eerie atmosphere of the film.

The words Haddonfield, Illinois, followed by the words Hallowe’en and the date 1963 are shown on a black background, clearly indicating to the audience where about the film takes place and when it takes place. Children’s voices are then heard in the backdrop, chanting a famous Hallowe’en trick or treat tune. The opening cleverly has the ability to make an innocent fun and child- friendly song into a creepy, chilling element, adding tension and fear in the viewers head.The camera then travels through an intimidating, large, dark wood up to a small innocent looking white house, situated all alone with the lights glowing through the window. The pure, innocent image of the house creates a sense of vulnerability to its inhabitants. The camera shot used throughout the clip is a point of view shot. This shot is cleverly used as it creates an unsteady mode of travel for the viewer, as if they are seeing exactly what the unknown and mysterious character is looking at. The wobbly handling of the camera makes the film seem more realistic, as if the character is actually carrying the camera along with them. The camera creates a sense of confusion, disorientation and suspense as they sit on the edge of their seats, wondering where they are being led. The camera then zooms into a window, as the character is spying on a young couple inside the house. As the lights in the house go off, the eerie haunting music begins and as if in a panicked frenzy the camera begins to pan the house at high speed in darkness. The camera then enters the house and the only trace of the character is the dark shadow which appears on the wall. The character picks up some sort of mask and places it over his face(camera) to mask his identity, which continues to hold an air of mystery to their identity, indicating something bad is about to occur. Through the eye holes, we see the character spy on a half naked young girl in the comfort of her room. The masked character then proceeds to stab the young woman multiple times in the chest as she screams and begs for mercy. The film uses a typical, naïve blond haired young women who seems very dependant, innocent and unable to fend for herself, adding to the sympathy felt by the viewer. The camera shot then reverses from the characters point of view as his mask is removed and his identity is revealed. It is a young boy dressed as a clown. Clowns are often used in horror films as many people fear their strange appearance and uncontrollable actions. The onlookers appear shocked that a young boy would be capable of pulling off this crime. As the audience are allowed time to take in what they have just witnessed, the camera begins to float off into the distance, as if attached to a balloon, revealing an aerial shot of the boy, the house and the setting. The ending of this scene is very powerful and also unconventional as the killer or villain is not usually given away right at the beginning of a film. The killer is such an unexpected twist in the story that it fascinates the audience, and wills them to continue viewing to find out where the story will turn next.

Scream Opening Analysis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eKHE5Mjaqs
For part of our Horror topic we were made to analyse a horror film opening on movie maker. We had to note key codes and conventions of this specific genre throughout the clip. I have chosen to analyse the opening of Scream.

Sweeney Todd: " Demon Barber of Fleet Street" Opening Analysis

The film opening begins with the ‘DreamWorks’ clip institution being displayed on the screen. As the short clip begins to play, a low, mysterious sounding violin follows. The tempo of the strings gets faster and faster as the volume increases and the strings sound more vigorous and violent and the sound of an organ emerges, creating great tension and suspense in the viewer, almost foreshadowing dark and sinister events to come.
This then leads to the ‘Warner Bros’ (film institution) logo enlarged on the screen. The sound of the organ in a minor key is played in the backdrop. The high pitched, screeching noise of the organ keys all being played at the same time creates a sense of confusion, unease and discomfort for the viewer, again adding to the sinister and dark contents of the film.
The deafening and piercing sound of the sharp organ is then all of a sudden completely cut off as the screen fades to black. A few seconds pause takes place before the white text quietly fades into the shot. The pause is unexpected and creates further tension and anxiety in the viewers mind. The context of the text is the two major film institutions that created the film.
This leads to an establishing shot of a Victorian London, allowing the audience to know the location and time period in which the film is set. The camera then slowly pans the skyline, showing the roof tops and chimneys of the City, along with the low and menacing sound of a repetitive violin playing. The scene is at night, with dark and dingy weather. Lightening and thunder strike as drops of rain and also blood are pictured falling from the sky. The music’s tempo and tone, dark night sky and fear-provoking weather all foreshadow the menacing nature of the film, whilst the disturbing site of blood dripping from the sky may foretell the possibility of terror, torture or death in the course of the film. The names of the producer and production company fade in and out slowly as the camera continues to pan the night sky. A white, serif font is used for the text, contrasting with the dark backdrop, allowing the text to be easily read and visible to the viewer which is important.
The camera slowly zooms into a dirty, broken window, focusing on a solumn barbers chair in the middle of the spot light. The lonely, chair could represent the isolation sweeney todd feels as he is rejected from society. The name of the director fades into the centre ontop of the chair, giving it main focus and importance. This shot then cuts to a close up shot of a portrait of a young man hanging on the wall. The old fashioned style of the portrait and surroundings again echo the 19th century time period in which this narrative is set. the picture gradually fades, dripping with blood. This foreshadows the tragic deaths and disappearances that may occur throughout the film. The portrait is positioned on the right hand side of the frame, which is leveled out with the name of the actor playing the main character (Johnny Depp) on the left hand side, displayed in the same, simple white serif font. The camera pans to show us a similar portrait of a young woman, which may suggest an emotional link between these particular characters (perhaps a tragic love story). The name of the main actress (Helena Bonham Carter) is shown in the same font creating an even balance across the frame. During this clip, a single, weak, innocent sounding flute is just heard over the masking whine of the piercing violins.
Following this shot, the camera continues to pan, revealing the famous barber’s chair. The focus on the chair introduces the main element of the narrative, concerning the profession of this films villain. Blood is clearly show dripping down the chair, suggesting violent activity associated with the chair and its owner. The murky, shabby atmosphere of the setting, as well as the ragged state of the barber’s chair echoes the grim, testing times these people had to live through in the past.
The camera then travels in a downwards motion, revealing a contraption connected to the chair, which allows Sweeney T odd to dispose of his customers by pulling the latch and watching them fall to their doom. Blood dribbles down the mechanism behind, reinforcing the idea of death and torture throughout the films narrative. The camera trails after the dripping blood into pure darkness. The blood transforms into the form of text, revealing the title of the movie; Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. During this sequence various well-known names of the main stars appear on the screen, in the continuous simple, white font. The credit is very effective in starting off the narrative, inviting the audience into an experience filled with death, blood, gore and despair. It clearly shows the dark, disturbing nature of the story, whilst keeping distance and not giving too much away, just enough to grab the audience’s attention and keep them on the edge of their seat, longing to find out more.

Brief Analysis of Film Openings

Pulp Fiction:-

Genre: Pulp Fiction is an Action film, distinguished by the guns and robbery set up in the opening scene.

Conventions: The camera shots of a typical american diner sets the scene well and allows the viewer to become familiar with the surroundings. There is alot of swearing and bad language used, as well as loud, fast tempo music played as the opening few minutes of the scene end suddenly.

Information in Credits: The credits mention the staring actors/actresses, director, film makers and the title of the film.

Narrative/Storyline: The immediate sense of a storyline we as the audience get is of a typical normal couple planning to rob a bank. Althought we get an element of humour ( form the characters names, 'Pumpkin' and 'Honeybunny'), there is still an overall dark theme to the film.

The Dark knight:-

Genre: Action/Adventure film. This is suggested from the fast paced action and destruction from the very beginning of the opening.

Conventions: Part of the Batman series-Elaborate, costly opening, guns, masks (to hide identity of potential villians), explosions, murder, crime, fast paced music to build tension.

Information in Credits: Film makers/institutes - Warner Bro's and DC Comics ( shows logo's),

Narrative/Storyline: Main villian, 'The Joker' introduced. The audience get a vague idea of the Jokers evil plan in which he tricks men into robbing a bank, only to murder eachother for his entertainment and benefit.

Final Destination 3:-

Genre: Horror/Thriller film, suggested by the old fashioned circus like setting, with clowns, fortune telling and haunting fairground music. Use of turning something fun, childlike and innocent like a fun fairground into something dark and sinister is popular in the Horror/Thriller genre.

Conventions: Use of haunting music and screaming to suggest terror to come. The main group of characters are also intorduced. Them being teenagers helps create a sense of youth and vulnerability, suggesting to the viewer that these characters may be playing the part of helpless victims. The use of close up shots of the characters faces help to show their emotion and fear, again strengthening their sense of fear and helplessness.

Information in Credits: Film makers, Actors/Actresses, director, editor, Film Title, producer and co-producers.

Narrative/Storyline: There is a particular focus on the element of chance and fortune, maybe suggesting something dark and sinister like torture of death which may occur at the fairground

Pretty Women:-

Genre: RomCom/ Chick Flick

Conventions: Sophistication of a somewhat glamourous, fairytale like setting, stereotypical flash cars, posh surroundings, rich people and big houses. upbeat, happy go lucky 80's music soundtrack, Main character on the telephone highlighted talking to a women who may be conceived by the viewer as a possible love interest for the leading role.

Information in Credits: Touchstone pictures, film institutions, Producer, Director, Film makers, Main actors/actresses

Narrative/Storyline: Conflict between a main focussed couple. There is an obvious contrast between the rich, glamourous lifestyle of the leading man and the poorer, working class status of the woman.

I then analysed a film of my own choice, that being 'Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleest street'.

Genre: Sweeney Todd is a Horror/Musical, suggested by the haunting music played on an organ, as well as the dark, stormy weather.

Conventions: Dark, desolate setting, thunder and lightening, rain and blood dripping from the sky- suggests gore and foreboading danger and tragedy which may occur. establishing shot, pans around an old london town, straight into a barbers shop window with blood splatted on the window. This gives the viewer an idea of the genre, as well as the setting and overall mood of the film. camera zooms all around London town. Haunting music builds tension and creates a quite scary and haunting atmosphere.

Information in Credits: warner bro's logo as well as important information such as actors/actresses names, director, producer, casting director, music producer etc shown in credits, with relevant images of the film behind, i.e. pies, oven, photographs and a barbers chair, blood flowing into the sewers etc. Low key lighting to set dark mood of the film

Narrative/Storyline: Strange man on a mysterious ship, sailing to London down. It is apparent by his reminiscing that he has been here before a long time ago, and has obviously come back, haunted by ghosts of his unknown past. The fact that not much of the story is given away in the film opening leaves the film open for any unexpected events to take place. It also creates a feeling of mystery and fear of the unknown, persuading the viewer to continue watching the film to find out what will happen next.

Mid Shot


Here is an example of a mid shot. Mid shots are taken from a camera at a medium distance. When depicting a character in mid shots, the subject is shot from the knee or waist upwards. This type of shot clearly shows a character and gives an overall context to the shot/scene.

Aerial Shot


Here is an example of an aerial shot of New York City. In films, Aerial shots are usually done with a crane or with a camera attached to a special helicopter to view large landscapes, and works best when a scene takes place ontop of a tall building for example. If the aerial shot is of a character it can make them seem insignificant.

Establishing Shot


Here is an example of an Establishing shot of a Haunted house. This particular shot gives the viewer a good understanding of the surrounding which again allows the viewer to understand the context of the scene.

Extreme Close Up

Here is an example of an extreme close up. This shot focuses close up on one particular thing of importance in a scene. It also allows the viewer to see emotion and reaction of a character close up in detail.

Long shot

Here is an example of a Long shot. This shot is used in films to establish the location/context of the scene. It often includes a human figure/ character and is usually intended to place them in some relation to their surroundings.

Low Angle shot


This is an example of a low-angle shot. This shot is commonly used in films and is shot from a camera positioned low on the vertical axis, anywhere below the eyeline, looking up.

Two shot

Here is an example of a Two shot. This is a type of shot used in film in which the frame captures a view of two characters(the subjects). There are many two-shots which have one subject in the foreground and the other subject in the background, as they do not necessarily have to be next to eachother. These shots are also effective when used to show the emotional reactions between the subjects.

Tilt Shot

Here is an example of a tilted/ high angled camera shot. This shot can be used to represent heroic behaviour of certain characters or show dominance. It has an off balance angle which may create a sense of disorientation for the viewer, maybe suggesting that the characters feelings are distorted and confused.

High Angle Shot

Here is an example of a High angle shot. It is used in film to show status and dominance over weaker characters. This camera shot is clever as it helps create a sense of vulnerability of the characters.

Point of View Shot

Here is an example of the Point of view camera shot. It allows the audience to connect with the scene and the character as it makes them feel involved (as if they are in the characters position), therefore holding their attention.

Shot types and Camera Angles


Close Up - This is an example of a close up shot that I took in our media lesson. This shot is mainly used to show emotion or a reaction from a certain character.

Shot Types: 180 Degree Rule

This is a shot in which two characters or objects are facing each other within one particular sceneand share the same right/left relationship to each other.

No matter what angle they are shot from, whether that be front or reverse view, they must both be visible in the frame.

If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line. The new shot, from the opposite side, is known as a reverse angle.

If one subject is on the left side of the shot they should face the right, and if the other subject is on the right side of the shot they should face the left.

This type of shot is clever as it helps give the viewers of the film a clearer view and perspective of everything in the whole shot/scene, aswell as its position.

The diagram above shows the 180 degree rule in more detail

Shot Types: Shot/ Reverse Shot

Shot/ Reverse Shot

A shot/reverse shot is when there is a camera shot of one character 1 facing another character 2, whose face is not visible in the shot. It then cuts to a shot of the other character 2 facing character 1. This allows the audience to assume the two characters are in contact with eachother, even thought they are not shown in the same shot together.

Above is an example from the film, "Sin City"

Shot Types: Match on Angle

Match On Action:

Match on action occurs when an action that begins in one shot is continued or completed in the next, for e.g. A camera shot of someone entering a door from the outside ,cutting straight to a camera shot of the person entering the door from the inside Here is an example of Match on Action-(The different camera shots of two characters deep in conversation)

Key Conventions of Film openings

In class we viewed various film openings from a variety of different genre's of film. Although the genre of films varied, the openings all shared in common some similar key conventions:-

Film openings give a brief idea of the Narrative/story in just the first few minutes of the film. They can do this in various ways, i.e through character introductions, dialogue and setting of the scene.

Cinematic films usually include title sequences/credits in the opening of a film. They include important names, i.e. main actors/actresses, producers, film institutions, director, film title etc. famous, well known names featured in the film will be included in the credits to entice potential viewers (fans of that particular actor/actress).

The genre of the film is introduced or given away, allowing the audience to decide whether this particular film falls under a category they would usually enjoy/dislike. An element such as the music played in the first few minutes of a film can help distinguish the genre of the film.

Film Genres

There are a variety of different genres of film.



Each genre consists of particular key codes and conventions. These conventions identify what genre a film is.



I have created a list of 5 different genres, giving examples of certain films from that particular genre aswell as the codes and conventions which make those genres what they are:

ROMANCE:
Conventions:

• Two young people usually fall in love.





• There is usually some kind of force that causes them to be apart, difficulties and maybe even a forbidden romance which works against all odds.





• Usually set in romantic settings such as glamourous cities such as NYC or Paris
  

Some examples of films that fall under this genre are:

• P.S I Love You



• The Notebook



• Dirty Dancing



• Pretty Woman

MUSICALS

Conventions:

• Elaborate locations, sets and costumes



• Cheerful, Funny story with an ultimately fairytale, happy ending



• Impulsive musical numbers



• Not too deep or serious, entertaining and easy to watch

some films in this genre include:

• Mamma Mia



• Hairspray



• Sister Act

ADVENTURE

Conventions:

• A hero/villian



• A mission/quest/ journey



• a battle between good and evil



• modes of transportation, i.e. speed boats, helicopters, motorbikes



• explosions, weapons, gadgets

some films in this genre include:

• Mission Impossible



• Knight and day



• Indiana Jones

SCI-FI

Conventions:

• foreign universe, planet, land



• futuristic technology



• aliens, mystical creatures



• space ships, rockets, UFO's

some films in this genre include:

• Star Wars



• Terminator



• The fifth Element



• The Matrix

COMEDY

Conventions:

• Ludacris situations



• Comical, likeable characters



• Layed back, funny atmosphere



• Silly circumstances



• Amusing Narrative

examples of films in this genre include:

• The Hangover



• Hall Pass



• Super Bad



• Role Models

What is Suspense?

Suspense is a state of uncertainty,anxiety and excitement awaiting the outcome of certain events. By using suspense, Horror/Thriller films keep their audience engaged, hold their full attention and keeps them on the edge of their seats, craving answers and tempting them to continue viewing the film, to find out what will happen.

Horror/Thriller movies use suspense in these common ways:

Background music gains volume and the tempo increases

High angle shots of the victim, creating a sense of vulnerability and helplessness

Camera may move about uncontrolably or erratically to create a feeling of disorientation and confusion in the viewer

Characters may be covered up by masks, filmed from an undefined angle or only their shadow is shown, which also creates an air of mystery and suggests an intrusion from an undesired guest.

Conventions of the Horror/Thriller Genre

The Horror film genre are unnerving movies that act to elicit fear and horror from viewers. They are generally fast paced, graphic films which strive to elicit terror and disgust. However, the Thriller genre is a more slow paced and pathological type of film, that builds suspension, tension and excitement and focuses more on affecting the viewer in a psychological way as opposed to the Horror genre, being a more physical depiction. The Thriller genre includes many sub genres, i.e romantic thriller, erotic thriller, pathelogical thriller, action thriller, crime thriller etc.

We can identify these key conventions when focusing on the Horror genre:

Include a victim and a villian/killer.

Some more psychological horror films may include ghosts, mysterious unknown creatures or a paranormal elemnt, which causes great fear and apprehension in the viewer of the unknown.

Blood and gore to shock and disturb the viewer, as well as giving a more realistic effect. Special effects and make-up are used in these films to emphasize frightening moments in the film.

Some type of haunting, mysterious and dark solitary locations, i.e haunted houses, forests, castles deserted buildings etc.

Horror films usually use a weaker subject to play the victim, i.e a young, naive women to create a greater sense of vulnerability. Horror films also use high angled shots on the victim, making them look more dependant and helpless.

Haunting, eerie music is played in the background to increase the suspense and tension. The musics tempo and volume may be increased suddenly as the killer or villian is lurking or about to make an appearance.

The victim is often trapped in a claustraphopic situation (solitary confinement) by the villian, causing high distress and discomfort.

Most horror films include a major twist in the story, nearer the end to shock the viewer, as well as creating suspense and tension.

Action scenes which depict a physical conflict between characters, i.e. when Casey Becker- the victim (Drew Barrymore) is attacked and murdered by Ghostface- the villian in the horror movie "Scream".

Preliminary Task Final Film

Here is our final edited version of our preliminary task .
The whole process of the preliminary exercise was very beneficial and worthwhile as it gave us a practise run when creating a film, which allowed us to experiment with the process of film making on a smaller scale. We were given the chance to practice different shot types and to perfect our editing techniques which will all go towards improving our main task.
We used iMovie to edit our prelim. It was a good programme for this type of editing, however, we feel that When we start the process of our main task, it may not be the right software to use as the features available are pretty limited.

Preliminary Task StoryBoard

Here is a copy of our storyboard for our preliminary exercise. We have given descriptive images of what will be present in each shot, aswell as accompanying the images with the camera shots that we plan to use:

1. Over the shoulder/Tracking shot of Mark walking up to front door.

2. Extreme close up shot of Mark ringing the doorbell.

3. Mid/Tracking shot of Doctor walking to front door. (match on action)

4. Over the shoulder shot of Doctor opening front door. (match on action)

5. Mid shot of Mark and Doctor walking to table and sitting down opposite each other.

6. Close up of Mark talking. (shot reverse shot)

7. Close up of Doctor talking. (shot reverse shot)

8. Close up of Mark talking. (shot reverse shot)

9. Over the shoulder shot of Doctor talking. (180 degree rule)

10. Over the shoulder shot of Mark talking. (180 degree rule)

Preliminary Exercise Script

Today we finalised the script for our prelim task. It was only necessary to include a couple of lines of dialogue so the script is short and doesnt dive too deep into the story. The main thing we wanted to include were the stage directions and actions.
(Mark walks up to door)

(Mark rings doorbell)

(Doctor opens door and Mark enters)

(Doctor and Mark sit down opposite each other at table)

Mark: What was so important?

Doctor: She's escaped.

Mark: What?! How did she escape?!

Doctor: All that was left was one red heel.

Mark: I have to get out of here!

(Mark gets up and exits room)

Preliminary Task Brainstorm
In todays lesson, we focused on our preliminary exercise, brainstorming four main ideas which could be developed and used in our final piece.
We considered all of these ideas for our preliminary exercise, but in the end, decided as a group that it would be more beneficial to develop and link our prelim to our main task. We had already worked out a rough concept for our main task and felt it would be fitting to try and link the two together. The theory for our preliminary task is set a couple of months after the narrative of our main task. We are introduced with the notion that the killer has escaped from the mental asylum in which she was a dangerous, high risk patient. To make sure we include all the necessary camera types - match on action, shot reverse shot, 180 degree rule etc. we have come up with a rough story of which we will create a storyboard.
The basic outline of the narrative is The main character, arriving at the mental asylum after receiving an urgent phone call from the doctor. He will be shown entering the door, sitting down with the doctor as she tells him of the recent escape, and rushing out of the asylum in a panic.
We all worked together with this narrative and the order of which the 3 main shot types will be used and feel this is a good idea for our first 'practise run' as it were.

Preliminary Exercise

For our preliminary task, we have been asked to film a character opening a door, crossing a room and sitting down in a chair opposite another character, with whom she/he then exchanges a couple of lines of dialogue. The task involves filming, editing and has to demonstrate match on action, shot/reverse shot and the 180-degree rule.

I've started planning by looking at the three main shot types which i will include in my preliminary task:

• Match on Action- Match on action occurs when an action that begins in one shot is continued or completed in the next, for e.g. A camera shot of someone entering a door from the outside, cutting straight to a camera shot of the person entering the door from the inside. The door opening sequence must be included in our preliminary exercise.
  



• Shot/reverse shot- A shot/reverse shot is when there is a camera shot of one character 1 facing another character 2, whose face is not visible in the shot. It then cuts to a shot of the other character 2 facing character 1. This allows the audience to assume the two characters are in contact with eachother, even thought they are not shown in the same shot together.
  



• 180 degree rule-This is a shot in which two characters or objects are facing each other within one particular sceneand share the same right/left relationship to each other.
  No matter what angle they are shot from, whether that be front or reverse view, they must both be visible in the frame. If one subject is on the left side of the shot they should face the right, and if the other subject is on the right side of the shot they should face the left.
  This type of shot is clever as it helps give the viewers of the film a clearer view and perspective of everything in the whole shot/scene, aswell as its position.